Professor questions study, then others question her

Professor questions study, then others question her
By Susan Kelleher
March 17, 2003 - Seattle Times staff reporter
Elizabeth Loftus, a former University of Washington psychologist photographed in her Seattle home last September, left the UW in anger after she challenged a colleague's research involving repressed memory.

Elizabeth Loftus was suspicious.

Having spent years at the University of Washington twisting people's memories and making them "remember" things that had never happened to them, Loftus was sure that the doctor lecturing nationwide about a traumatic memory recovered by one of his clients was doing some truth twisting of his own.

The University of Cincinnati child psychiatrist, had videotaped his interviews with a girl, first when she was 6 and then when she was 17.  Together, the tapes presented a compelling case for the controversial theory that the mind can bury painful memories, then recover them.

But Loftus didn't buy it. She set out to investigate the research. By the time she finished, she had cast a shadow not only on the psychiatrist, but on the integrity of case studies that have shaped the field of psychology for more than a century.

Darkened too, however, was Loftus' relationship with her own university.  Colleagues there questioned the methods she had used in her challenge, and recommended she take an ethics class.

Ultimately, Loftus -- the queen of the UW Psychology Department, who last year ranked 58th in a list of the 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century -- left Seattle in anger to take a post at the University of California, Irvine.

Until now, the controversy surrounding Loftus' departure has been confined mainly to university offices and boardrooms. It is a story not just of one professor's battle against another, but of the treacherous academic territory Loftus tread in challenging someone else's work.

'Diva of Disclosure'
Exploring dangerous ground is nothing new for Elizabeth Loftus.

For more than a decade, she has challenged prevailing views of memory, demonstrating that eyewitness testimony can be unreliable. In experiments, she showed that through suggestion and reinforcement, people can be made to believe they had experienced something that had never actually happened.

Her work helped change methods used by police, social workers and therapists, especially around allegations of abuse.

In 2001, the American Psychological Society gave her its most prestigious award, calling her research "ingenious," and noting that "the quality of basic-memory research and the fairness of the criminal-justice system have advanced substantially" because of her science. A 1996 article in Psychology Today magazine dubbed her "The Diva of Disclosure."

But Loftus' work also created enemies, people who put her in the same league as the accused killers, rapists and child molesters on whose behalf she has testified in court. The Psychology Today article quotes a letter from an incest survivor: "Please consider your work to be on the same level as those who deny the existence of the extermination camps during WWII."

Few hate Loftus more than those involved in the spate of lawsuits and criminal trials that began in the 1980s, when it seemed as if childhood sexual abuse and satanic-ritual abuse were becoming nationwide epidemics.

Parents and child-care providers were hauled into court for sexual abuse, even murder, on the basis of memories recalled decades after the alleged events. The cases grabbed headlines until a 1992 presentation by Loftus cast doubt on some claims.

"While certainly there have been enormous tragedies due to real crimes against women and children," Loftus wrote, "there have also been equally enormous tragedies of false accusations. Families have been destroyed, miscarriages of justice have occurred, and more than a few innocent people have been sent to prison."

The topic of so-called "repressed memory" remains charged with emotion and controversy, mostly because it is impossible to absolutely prove or disprove scientifically.

Researchers can't ethically torture a group of people and then check back with them 20 years later to see if any of them forget and then remember the abuse. The most they can do is evaluate instances in which such remembering has reportedly occurred. Those instances are written up as case studies and presented in professional journals.

Loftus was reading such a journal, Child Maltreatment, in May 1997 when she came across the case of reported abuse that roused her suspicions. In psychology circles, the case is widely known as "Corwin's Jane Doe."

Lack of memory
In the article, Dr. David Corwin, a well-regarded child psychiatrist who now teaches at the University of Utah and heads the Child Protection Team at Primary Children's Medical Center in Salt Lake City, described this situation:

A young girl was caught in a child-custody dispute between divorcing parents. Corwin was called in to assess abuse allegations made by 6-year-old "Jane." In his third videotaped interview with Jane, she folded her tiny fingers into a three-fingered Brownie salute and swore she was being truthful when she accused her mother of abusing her in the bathtub and of burning her feet on the stove.

After reviewing reports from police, doctors and social workers who already had examined and talked to Jane, Corwin concluded it was likely that Jane's mother had sexually abused the girl. A judge awarded custody to her father and stepmother, terminating the mother's visitation rights.

Jane's father divorced about three years later, and within seven years became incapacitated by a health problem. Jane was living in foster care when he died.

Before the father's death, Corwin called him to see if it was still OK to show the videotape of his interview with Jane for educational purposes. When the father became ill, Corwin called Jane herself to get permission. She asked him if she could see the taped interview from when was 6.

Jane was 17 when she saw the tape. She told Corwin she remembered accusing her mother of abuse but didn't remember if the abuse actually occurred. As she pondered her lack of memory, she suddenly recalled her mother abusing her once in the bathtub. Corwin was taping Jane at the time, and he asked for and received her permission to show that tape, too, for educational purposes.

When Corwin showed the videotapes at professional conferences, clinicians who routinely dwell in the wreckage of other people's traumas dabbed at their eyes.

But Loftus -- clearly predisposed to doubt recovered memories -- pounced on this one. She was struck by what she saw as a dearth of evidence cited by Corwin to support his finding that Jane had been abused as a child.

She spoke with a colleague, Melvin Guyer at the University of Michigan, and together they decided to do their own investigation.

"I think people have to be very suspicious of case histories, and be aware that this is half of the story and one person's opinion," Loftus said. "The problem is, as with many aspects of life, the vivid case histories that have a story and a face are always more persuasive than cold, hard statistics."

 

Omissions
From the start, the methods used by Loftus and Guyer in re-examining the case were unorthodox.

Instead of going to Corwin for more information or permission to talk with Jane, Loftus and Guyer picked up on clues -- her real first name, locations, the year of her parents' divorce and her father's death -- and figured out Jane's full name and whereabouts.

With the help of a private investigator, they dug up divorce records and interviewed three women who knew Jane: her birth mother, foster mother and stepmother.

The results of their investigation appeared in the Skeptical Inquirer, a mass-circulation magazine devoted to scrutinizing what it calls "pseudoscience." Their article alleged that Corwin had omitted important facts about Jane's family and her case history.

 

Among the omissions:

• Failing to note that a county child-protective agency had investigated the allegations when they were first made and had recommended that no action be taken.
• Not mentioning that a clinical psychologist had reviewed the case and had concluded that, while abuse may have occurred, the nature and source of any abuse was unknown and that Jane may have just been repeating suggestions from her father.
• Ignoring the contentiousness of the custody battle, which lasted five years. In a taped interview with Loftus, Jane's stepmother said she had worked hard to "get" Jane for her then-husband, and noted that they finally succeeded with the "sexual angle."

The information revealed by Loftus and Guyer didn't disprove the claim of abuse. But it raised doubts about both the original claim and the memory Jane said she later recalled.

The significance of that doubt extended beyond Jane's case: Corwin's finding already was being cited in other court cases as evidence in support of recovered memory.

In a recent interview, Corwin conceded he had selectively edited facts in presenting Jane Doe's case and said it was appropriate to do so. A case study need not be an exhaustive recitation of every fact but rather should include information that supports the author's conclusions, he said.

Besides, he said, "We don't know with absolute certainty what happened (to Jane), and we don't assert that we did."

Corwin said professional ethics prevented him from providing further information about Jane's case, even if it meant not being able to defend himself against Loftus and Guyer's criticisms.

 

Gray zone
Loftus expected laurels for shining light on this case. Instead, she found the light shined into her own eyes, as Jane herself complained to the administration of the UW that Loftus had violated her privacy.

Once university officials began their 21-month investigation of Loftus' "case study of a case study," they discovered how difficult it is to regulate research that falls outside traditional boundaries, as Loftus' did.

"We're in the grayest of the gray zones I've ever been in my entire life," said David Hodge, dean of UW's College of Arts and Sciences.

University rules for research involving human subjects were written mainly for medical experimentation. But, as Hodge and others found, they are much more tricky to apply outside that area, especially if someone is challenging a case study.

Faculty members conducting research are required to submit proposals to an institutional review board, or IRB. The IRB sets rules to protect research subjects from harm and to ensure they're fully informed before they agree to participate.

Loftus had submitted a proposal to the UW's IRB early on, but then had ignored the board's follow-up questions after her partner, Guyer, received the go-ahead from the University of Michigan's IRB.

Had Loftus gone through the UW board, it's unlikely she would have been allowed to challenge Corwin's work the way she did, according to John Slattery, who was director of the UW's Office of Scholarly Integrity at the time.

Slattery said Loftus would have had to seek the university's permission before contacting people for interviews. She would likely have been required to give the IRB a list of questions she planned to ask and a form explaining the potential risks of being interviewed.

She probably would have been required to contact Corwin for permission to review records and to interview Jane.

Such rules make challenging a psychological case study much harder than presenting one.

Psychological case studies are, by design, shrouded in secrecy. Although studies are reviewed by experts before publication, those experts do not know subjects' names and rarely see documentation.

Still, Loftus feels justified in deliberately penetrating Corwin's efforts to hide Jane's identity. Secrecy rules adopted to protect the privacy of patients or research subjects should not be used to obscure the truth, she said.

Loftus was already well into her investigation when she took a colleague's advice and spoke with Corwin about contacting Jane. He told her he would be happy to connect the two, but then told her Jane wanted to communicate through him. Loftus eventually exchanged an e-mail with Jane to put her in touch with her mother, but she said they never discussed the abuse claims or Corwin's article.

Calling Loftus' methods unethical, Corwin said, "I have no reason to hide anything. She could have asked me, and I would have gone through the steps that would have left Jane Doe feeling less violated."

Jane told UW officials that she objected to Loftus tracking down her mother and stepmother for interviews.

Loftus admits to befriending Jane's biological mother, and confesses that she was motivated in large part by a desire to unite mother and daughter. In an e-mail to Loftus, Jane's mother wrote: "You have helped me heal when I thought it was not possible. I value your caring friendship. I am truly thankful that you are in my life."

Loftus' ongoing friendship with Jane's mother complicated the UW investigation, which was conducted by an ad-hoc committee consisting of three faculty members.

The committee ultimately cleared Loftus of wrongdoing but required her to get permission from the IRB before contacting Jane's mother again. The panel also wanted Loftus to take an ethics class.

Angry, hurt and humiliated by the investigation, Loftus accepted an offer from the University of California, Irvine, which offered her more research money and a "distinguished professor" title. She began teaching there in September.

"I cried for a week before I made the decision and a week after," Loftus said. "I felt so betrayed by my university."

The University of Michigan gave no such scrutiny to Guyer, Loftus' partner in the research.

Meanwhile, Loftus has received letters of support from prominent psychologists and researchers from around the country, including Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, applauding her efforts to make case studies more transparent and expressing anger at how the UW treated her.

Hodge, the UW dean, said the university is looking at a different system for evaluating the kinds of challenges that Loftus' investigation represented.

"We always want to allow challenges to other people's research. It's really about at what point does a relationship become a scientific relationship? That's where it becomes difficult," he said. "It's not clear where the line is between professional scientific research and non-scientific research."

Recovered Memory: Unproven Strategy To Find Evidence Of Past Sexual Abuse

Editorial Comment:

Recovered Memory: Unproven Strategy To Find Evidence Of Past Sexual Abuse

By Lisa Goodlin

The Post-Standard (Syracuse, NY) - September 24, 2002


While I am sure it was well-intentioned, I question the choice of Ellen Bass to conduct workshops Sept. 26 and Sept. 27 at Syracuse University and elsewhere for professionals who work with survivors of sexual trauma, and to give the featured address at an evening of healing for survivors.

Bass's book, "The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse," promotes the recovery of repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse. This book encourages women to conclude that they were sexually abused as children, although they lack memories of abuse or corroborating evidence.

In the words of Bass and co-author Laura Davis, "Many women who were abused don't have memories, and some never get any. This doesn't mean that they weren't abused;" and "If you think you were abused and your life shows the symptoms, then you were."

Serious questions have been raised regarding the "memories" recovered in therapy. The American Psychological Association's Working Group on the Investigation of Memories of Childhood Abuse issued a report in 1995 that notes recovered memory is rare. It states that "there is a consensus among memory researchers and clinicians that most people who were sexually abused as children remember all or part of what happened to them, although they may not fully understand or disclose it.

"At this point," according to the APA, "it is impossible, without other corroborative evidence, to distinguish a true memory from a false one."  Thus, says the APA report, a "competent psychotherapist is likely to acknowledge that current knowledge does not allow the definite conclusion that a memory is real or false without other corroborating evidence."

In Britain, the Royal College of Psychiatrists has officially banned its members from using therapies designed to recover repressed memories of child abuse.

Bass also presents information on "body memories" and "satanic ritual abuse," the existence for which there is no evidence. By evidence I mean data that has been obtained using scientific methods.

Bass's book is filled with heart-rending and gut-wrenching stories, but it is important to remember that anecdote is not evidence. In response to first-person accounts like those found in "The Courage to Heal," FBI Special Agent Ken Lanning investigated more than 300 cases of alleged satanic cult activity and found no evidence of the existence of such cults. He wrote, "Until hard evidence is obtained and corroborated, the public should not be frightened into believing that babies are being bred and eaten, that 50,000 missing children are being murdered in human sacrifices, or that Satanists are taking over America's day-care centers or institutions. While no one can prove with absolute certainty that such activity has not occurred, the burden of proof is on those who claim that it has occurred."

Should this not make us question other "findings" of this type of therapy? In the "Investigator's Guide to Allegations of Ritual Child Abuse," Lanning goes on to say that "it is up to the mental health professionals, not law enforcement, to explain why victims are alleging things that don't seem to have happened."

In the mid-1990s, after books like "The Courage to Heal" began to appear and therapists started "training" in these methods, there was a rash, some would say an epidemic, of abuse allegations by women who had recovered memories in therapy. Many of these women later retracted their stories - but not before many lives were destroyed.

It is because of these destroyed lives that it is imperative to provide alternative information about recovered memory therapy so that Bass's ideas may be tempered by the findings of scientifically conducted studies.

To learn more about recovered-memory therapy, I recommend these books: "The Myth of Repressed Memory: False Memories and Allegations of Sexual Abuse," by Elizabeth Loftus, a well-regarded researcher of memory and professor of psychology; "Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria," by Richard Ofshe, professor of psychology at UC Berkeley and a Pulitzer Prize winner; and Carl Sagan's chapter on therapy in "The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark."

On the Web you can find critical information at these sites: The False Memory Syndrome Foundation (www.fmsfonline.org/) and The Skeptics' Dictionary entries on repressed memory therapy (skepdic.com/repress.html) and repressed memories, (skepdic.com/ repressedmemory.html).

------------------------------------

Lisa Goodlin, of Syracuse, is president of Central New York Skeptics, a nonprofit organization dedicated to the promotion of science and reason, the investigation of paranormal and pseudoscientific claims, and the improvement of standards for science education and critical-thinking skills.

 

False memory syndrome: State of the art [Article in Hebrew]

False memory syndrome: State of the art [Article in Hebrew]

By B. Nemets, E. Witztum and M. Kotle

Harefuah - 2002 Aug; 141(8):726-30, 760

The review describes the heated dispute on the present state of recovered traumatic memories. There are two main schools concerning the status of recovered memories of child abuse. One school believes in their authenticity unconditionally. Those who oppose the authenticity claim False Memory Syndrome1s existence. They describe it as 3a serious form of psychopathology characterized by strongly believed pseudomemories of childhood sexual abuse and condition in which a person1s identity and interpersonal relationships

are centered around a memory of traumatic experience which is objectively false but in which the person strongly believes2. This review presents the allegations of both sides involved in the dispute, with updates of scientific and judicial references and relevant recommendations to care takers.

------------------------------------

From: Beer Sheva Mental Health Center, Faculty of Medical Science, Ben

Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.

Bearing witness to the patriarchal revicitmization of survivors

Bearing witness to the patriarchal revicitmization of survivors

by Connie M. Kristiansen
Carleton University
Newsletter of the Section on Women and Psychology, Vol 20, No 2, page 7-16.

On Remembrance Day 1993, Dr. Harold Lief, Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania, was scheduled to deliver a public lecture at McGill University and to participate in a subsequent two day 'symposium' at the Montreal General Hospital (MGH). Dr. Lief is on the Professional Advisory Board of the False Memory Syndrome (FMS) Foundation, a tax-deductible charity organization founded in 1992 and comprised of some 5000 parents who adult children have accused them of perpetrating childhood abuse. (Actually, I'm not sure about the exact number because three weeks later, on CBC On the Line, the executive Director of the FMS Foundation claimed they had 7500 members. I guess their membership is growing rapidly.)

Dr. Lief's presentation, "True and False Accusations by Adult 'Survivors' of Childhood Sex Abuse," pertained to 'False Memory Syndrome', a nosologically unrecognized term referring to an unestablished phenomenon whereby an unknown number of incompetent therapists, of whom Freud is apparently representative, supposedly 'implant' erroneous memories of childhood abuse into the vacuous minds of an unspecified number of their unsuspecting, fantasy-prone, suggestible, usually female, clients.

Me, four graduate students, a journalism student and a member of Ottawa's Women's Place went to McGill and MGH to listen and learn. And we heard a lot and we learned a lot. But not what we expected. And that's why we spoke a lot, usually in panicked desperation, gasping for what little air there was in a room stifled by ignorance.

At McGill, Dr. Lief didn't stand a chance. He was drowned out, reduced to a whisper, by the jeering, whistling, coughing, shouts and rattling noisemakers of survivors. Survivors who knew their power because they had borne witness to an unbelievable truth before. Survivors whose hearts beat softly, oh but ever so firmly, saying, "when we speak we are afraid our words will not be heard or welcomed. But when we are silent, we are still afraid. So it is better to speak, remembering, we were never meant to survive" (Audre Lorde, 'Litany for Survival').

The audience responded to the night's official opening comments with a swelling epidemic of coughing, and Dr. Pinard of McGill's Department of Psychiatry, who was chairing the event, used his best bedside manner to blurt, "For those of you who are too sick to take it, I suggest you go up to one of our hospitals!" And after catching his breath, he asserted, "We have invited an academic to guide us in our reflection concerning the incredibly painful and all too frequent occurrence of child abuse. Real abusers should be identified and be made to suffer the consequences."

"What is 'real abusers'?" demanded one woman.

"Somebody who speaks out of turn when somebody is introducing a speaker!" The room was hot, real hot, and Dr. Pinard apparently wasn't above sweating. And he went on, "I hope that, by bringing this area to light, it will clarify the picture and support the genuine victims of abuse."

Assaulted again, the woman retorted, "All victims!"

Oblivious to the fact that he was now putting quicksand into the hole he had dug for himself, Pinard continued, "There is no doubt that memory, repressed memory is the key concept."

A man's voice flew over my head and landed on Pinard: "You are the repressed oppressors!"

Eventually Dr. Lief tried to rise to what was clearly becoming an occasion. At that point he didn't know it, but later he would stated "I've never been booed before I even opened my mouth before" (Wells, 1993). So, he tried to begin his talk: "This is a great university. Dr. Pinard, I have always had a warm spot in my heart for McGill University. As a school boy, when I read the biography of Sir William Osler who spent many of his formative years before going to Hopkins..."

"How do you know it wasn't a false memory?" Thankfully, laughter ensued. It eased the mounting tension. Or at least I thought it did.

"False Memory is False Syndrome!" These words ricocheted from one person to another, back and forth across the hallowed hall of knowledge.

"He's protecting abusers!"

Not a surprising comment. Not since Dr. Ralph Underwager, formerly on the Advisory Board of the FMS Foundation, was forced to resign after he proclaimed that "Paedophiles can boldly and courageously affirm what they choose.... With boldness they can say, 'I believe this is in fact part of God's will'....Paedophiles need to become more positive and make the claim that paedophilla is an acceptable expression of God's will for love and unity among human beings" (Geraci, 1993). And not since Jennifer Freyd, a cognitive psychologist at the University of Oregon and the daughter of the FMS Foundation Executive Director Dr. Pamela Freyd, exposed her father's sexual abuse and the way in which her parents are using the FMS Foundation as a weapon in their personal war against her (Freyd, 1993). "As one clinician said at a national meeting recently about the FMSF: "there is persuasive evidence that this organization grew out of one family's feud that's overgrown it's boundaries and come into the popular culture" (cited in Freyd, 1993). And as a matter of interest, or more honestly, just pure gossip, you might like to note that Dr. Lief was/is Pamela Freyd's therapist and that he told Jennifer Freyd that "he did not believe I was abused because in the early 1980's, when he met with my father once or twice in order to admit him to Silver Hill for treatment for alcoholism, he learned that my father's erotic fantasies were 'entirely homoerotic" (Freyd, 1993, p.26).

Anyway, Dr. Pinard, having lost any cool he might have had, yelled, "Is that your idea of a debate? Is your idea of a debate shouting louder than the speaker?" And after several moments face to face with a wall of cacophony, Dean of Medicine, Dr. Richard Cruess, took the stage, appealing to the audience to allow Dr. Lief to speak: "I'm speaking on behalf of a faculty and a university which encourages debate, which encourages the examination of controversial issues."

"What debate?!"

Dean Cruess continued, "For me, the issue this evening is fairly clear. I'm an orthopedic surgeon. I'm not a psychiatrist. I'm not an expert in these affairs. The issue this evening is one of academic freedom. This is a university which has an obligation to examine issues of concern to society. Professionals in this field have assured us, those of us who are not experts, that there is an issue which requires elaboration and discussion. We have asked a very distinguished person, with impeccable credentials, to come and talk to us about this. We have not set this up as a debate or as a conference. We have an absolute right to do that."

"And we have the right to go against it!" insisted a survivor.

Next, using his scalpel skills to slash away his opponent, and like a child overwhelmed by a tantrum, Dean Cruess desperately blurted, "You do not have a right to interfere with our academic activities, in our own university, in our own way." Perhaps the heat had melted his brain. How else could he forget that this was scheduled as a public lecture and that McGill is a publicly funded institution?

But Cruess' blade didn't seem to scratch the woman. Maybe she was used to being slashed. I don't know. But I do know she went on, stronger than ever, "You do not have a right to interfere with our lives!"

In the midst of this, another survivor yelled, "Where is the Associate Dean?" Apparently he was asked to step down because of sexual misconduct (Dufresne, 1993).

Dean Cruess pressed on, professing, "We certainly have a right. I regret to tell you that...you are suppressing an idea. There's a long history in our world, most of it bad, of people interfering with the rights of others to speak."

But who was suppressing whom? One wonders. One wonders because McGill had received a host of calls, FAXes and letters asking for "either a cancellation of this biased presentation or a redefinition of its format to allow all views and facts on this problem to be explored in a balanced, scientific format that silences no one" (Martin Dufresne, Secretary of the Montreal Men Against Sexism, in an open letter to David Johnston, Principal, McGill University, November 4, 1993). The National Association of Women and the Law, for example, wrote, "We take the position that a publicly funded learning institution has a responsibility to offer a balanced perspective on issues which are contentious and potentially damaging to the credibility of victims of sexual abuse" and that the program agenda "should be challenged for [its] hostile premise" (Johnston, 1993).

Dr. Cruess' appeal made me think about the nature of academic freedom. The traditional definition of 'academic freedom' is based on the premise that the common good of society is facilitated by the search for, and free exposition of, knowledge. According to the Canadian Association of University Teachers' (CAUT, 1991) policy statement, academic freedom carries with it the duty to use that freedom in a manner consistent with scholarly obligation to base research and teaching on an honest search for knowledge. Given that McGill University refused to present a two-sided debate on the issue of recovered memories, I figured that one could argue that McGill failed to live up to their scholarly obligation to base teaching on an honest search for knowledge. And Drakich, Taylor and Bankier (1993) draw attention to a pluralistic approach to academic freedom, one based on balancing freedom and equality - a perspective that has not yet been formally enshrined or even welcomed in the definition of academic freedom, at least not by the androcentric power holders in academia.

Just as technology evolves, social consciousness and hence the definition of academic freedom is evolving. And this is coming about as people, particularly members of less powerful groups, speak. Dr. Jill Vickers, a Professor at Carlton, for example, recently "urged CAUT to come to grips with and to understand how the principles of academic freedom and institutional authority, ideas that legitimize the university, can also be used to perpetuate the status quo and sustain those who are more powerful and privileged - in most cases while males" (Riseborough, 1993). Along similar lines, UNESCO is currently reviewing an international proposal regarding academic freedom (International Conference of University Teachers' Organizations, 1993). The text of this proposal makes it clear that there can be no academic freedom without social responsibility. For example, this proposal states to "ensure the fair discussion of contrary views," something that McGill was unwilling to do, even after being asked to do so by numerous national organizations. The UNESCO proposal also states that academic freedom entails "avoiding misleading the public on the nature of their professional expertise." In this regard, Dr. Lief was talking on the validity of recovered memories of childhood abuse, yet he is not an expert on memory, nor in the treatment of survivors of abuse, nor is he an expert on issues affecting women. Rather, he is retired professor of psychiatry who specialized in marital and sex therapy. Distinguished, impeccable credentials, Dr. Cruess?

In my mind, then, McGill University violated any definition of academic freedom. Moreover, what they did was downright harmful to the survivors of child abuse, people who've been oppressed, silenced, disbelieved and invalidated for too long (Summit, 1993). In this regard, Janice Drakich and her colleagues put it well when they wrote that "for many people, ideas and words may well be referents for highly significant experiences which have powerful meanings, evoke strong emotions, and are not simply ideas and words. The meanings and emotions attached to ideas and words render people extremely vulnerable in what, for others, might be a benign intellectual exercise... The reality of personal and subjective experiences must be recognized and formally acknowledged in the academy...To ignore this call evades the ethical responsibility of persons who assume positions of institutional authority." As they said, "most people would agree that one person's freedom to swing a fist ends when it collides with another person's nose."

With all these thoughts surging and swirling through my mind, I put up my hand, "Excuse me, could I ask you a question, Sir? Would you argue on the basis of academic freedom that it would be permissible for someone to discuss the virtues of the Holocaust or the virtues of racial discrimination?"

"Absolutely not!" Cruess said steadfastly.

Until that point, Dr. Lief was pretty quiet. But I guess he thought he'd best earn his fee, so he said, "To make an analogy with the Holocaust to someone who was among the liberators at Dachau is an insult to me, Sir."

Oh, geez. More messiness. You see, he didn't see too well. The distinguished retired professor of sexuality made a bit of a boo boo, and he was boo booed in a big way for having done so. Although I may look a bit Dykey, I am most definitely a woman. And everyone, except Dr. Lief, seemed to know that. Well, hell broke loose some more. And using all his wits, or at least any wits he had left, Dr. Lief went on, "There are some fools here. Some people with small minds, who are intent on disrupting freedom. They may succeed, but at a price to themselves and others who came to hear me speak." That really won the audience over. Utter chaos ensued. For five minutes. Now there was no way of pacifying the audience. Not that they needed pacifying. I mean, at one time they were children who were abused, but now they were clearly adults. Now they could stand and shout, "No more!" And that's exactly what they did.

Following Cruess' appeal, and in an apparently desperate effort to save the evening, not to mention themselves, Dr. Pinard and Dr. Assalian of MGH tried to turn the talk into a question and answer period. Dr. Assalian called on clinician Dr. Esther Lefevre to ask the first question. Well, she didn't have a question, but she sure had a lot of shame to lay on the survivors. Under the guise of trying to help them, and after apologizing for not being a survivor herself and claiming that she understood their rage, she accused the audience of being out of control, of having no dignity, of behaving inappropriately, and of losing their credibility. Needless to say, her comments didn't go down too well.

Dr. Assalian's next tactical maneuver was to introduce the three members of the MGH human sexuality unit - all women. For some reason he seemed to think the audience would be impressed with this. They weren't. And a woman screamed, "Why don't you [i.e.,MGH] treat rape victims anymore?" Oh no. This time Dr. Assalian really put it in his mouth when he claimed, "It's not the same issue. Please don't generalize. We are talking about two different issues. Rape is one thing and we are talking about incest." Ann Gero of Women's Place had it right when she pondered, "incest isn't rape?"

Well, Assalian tried to set up the question and answer period again. And so I mustered up the courage to go to the microphone and ask my question: "Dr. Lief, in view of the following studies, how can you claim that recovered memories of abuse are false? One, Herman and Schatzow's (1987) finding that 74% of 53 women in group therapy, 64% of whom had moderate to severe amnesia, were able to obtain corroborating evidence, including pornographic photographs, for their recovered memories. Two, William's (1992) finding that 38% of a sample of 100 adult women failed to recall their childhood sexual abuse, abuse documented some 20 years earlier in hospital medical records. Three, a literature review by Brewin, Andrew and Gotlib (1993) showing that recollections of childhood are more accurate than previously thought and that it is parent's recollections, not those of their adult children, that are distorted. Four, Summit's (1983) finding that children minimize the frequency and severity of their abuse, compared to the subsequent confessions of their parents. Five, findings that in the case of battering, it is the male abusers who underestimate the frequency and severity of the abuse they inflicted (cited in Brewin et al.). Six, Famina, Yeager and Lewis' (1990) finding that among a sample of 69 abused youths, all distortions of abuse were in the direction of minimization, out of embarrassment, shame and the desire to forget about it. And seven, based on her study of 150 children who had experienced a variety of traumas, Lenore Terr (1991), a professor of child psychiatry at the University of California, noted that "even those who were infants or toddlers at the time of their ordeal and thus were unable to lay down, store, or retrieve full verbal memories of their traumas tend to play out, to draw, or to re-see highly visualized elements from their old experiences." As an example, Terr cites the case of a five year old who had been sexually abused in a daycare home between 15 and 18 months of age. The discovery was made when US Customs officers found pornographic photos of the girl. In retrospect, the parents realized that since the girl first began to draw, she had sketched hundreds of nude adults. And while playing in Terr's office, the child told Terr that a baby she drew was 'all naked' and a 'bad girl.' Moreover, while children may have no verbal recall of their abuse, they do re-enact their abuse in their play, repeating aspects of the original trauma. And such repetitive behaviors have been observed in children who were exposed to trauma prior to age 12 months when they had no verbal memory. For example, the five year old girl I just described experienced 'funny feelings' in her 'tummy' every time a finger was pointed at her. The confiscated pornographic photos showed an erect penis jabbing the exact spot on the 15 to 18 month infant's belly. Thus, while adults may not recall personally meaningless events before the age of three or four, such as where they were at the time of Kennedy's assassination, they can recall trauma experienced during infancy, although such recollections may not appear in verbal form."

In the midst of my question, Dr. Pinard cut me off to ask my name: "Dr. Connie Kristiansen." "Pardon me?" "Dr. Connie Kristiansen." And then he did it again, asking if he could ask me a question. The audience yelled, "Let her finish!" So I said, "No," quite clearly I thought, but I guess he had trouble understanding and so he asked me anyway: "May I ask you to come up here and sit here and present your data?" Well, no way was I gonna sit up there with those guys. I hadn't prepared to engage in a formal debate, and there was no way I was gonna let them use me to get out of the mess they had created in the first place. To put it mildly, I was pissed off. So I spoke my truth, "No! I will not join that panel." Pinard was quick to try to turn the tables, "So you don't want a debate?" I explained, "I will never sit on a panel with gentlemen of your nature. I would like to finish my question. And I would like you to grant me the courtesy to do so just as you have requested of us."

"He then said, "Can I remind you," and I said "No. Can I please finish what I was saying? I find it rather rude that you interrupted me." And then, as if to justify his verbal abuse, he said, "You find it rude after what we've been through?!" So I said, "Touche!"

Between being cut off by Dr. Pinard from the front and the insults and ribbing coming from two FMS advocates on my right, I somehow managed to get through my question: "How in the face of such empirical evidence, when there is more evidence for the validity of recovered memories now than there is for the distortion of memory through recovery process, can you talk about FMS? When the four or five thousand members of the FMS Foundation have no more than their own claims of their innocence to validate their perspective. And I'm wondering why it is, in view of this, that you gentlemen are willing to talk about this 'syndrome.' That is my question."

Dr. Lief tried to answer: "You cite a number of studies about adults who have allegedly recovered memories of childhood abuse." I clarified, "They are not alleged, they have been corroborated." Then he went on, "All I'm saying is that there are therapists who treat people on the basis of recovered memories without external corroboration and that is malpractice, pure and simple. You mention a number of anecdotal reports, especially in Dr. Terr's paper," and I commented that her study was based on 150 children. Dr. Lief then said that, since we were talking about anecdotal reports, he wanted to present his own anecdotal evidence. And he described a daughter who had accused her father of sadistic abuse, who had just started spending time with her father and "bonding as they hadn't for several years," and who was found dead in her apartment last week. That hurt. I wondered why she killed herself. And then I thanked him for his anecdote and asked if I could respond to what he'd just said. Dr. Lief didn't seem to like that idea, "You can be funny or smart ass, any way you want to. This doesn't advance the discussion at all." And then Dr. Pinard jumped in, "We have given you a chance to ask your question. I am maintaining my invitation that you designate one of you to come up and give a rebuttal after his speech." I asked again whether I could ask a question, but my microphone was cut off. Then hell broke loose for one final encore, and Pinard ended the evening, saying "We have seen tonight the demonstration of how free speech in a scientific forum can be stolen." And with that declaration, he asked everyone to go home.

So that was the McGill non-talk. And the seven of us walked back to our hotel apartment, welcoming the cleansing of the evenings drizzle. Overwhelmed. Astonished. Shocked. But then we laughed and talked a lot. We watched the news and laughed some more. We ate chips, pretzels, cheese and grapes, and we had a few drinks too.

Friday morning - three hours sleep. Seven women, one bathroom. Beautiful laughing, moaning and groaning. Coffee on the brew. Tea in a frying pan. Orange juice. Croissants. Diet Coke for one true addict.

Feeling like seven dwarfs, or maybe seven penguins in the barren Antarctic, we hiked up the mountain to MGH. Stepping out of the elevator at the sixth floor, we were greeted by the "Dykes Against Dr. Lie-f" and the glaring lights of the media. And as we predicted by one student the night before, and just as the press was denied access to Dr. Lief's symposium, Dr. Assalian of MGH attempted to bar entry to me and two graduate student.

"Why," I asked.

"No explanations."

"But I have a right. I've preregistered and you've cashed my cheque."

"We'll refund your money in the mail."

"Why?"

"No explanations."

Dr. Assalian looked real big behind the registration counter, so I wasn't gonna mess with him. Instead, I went around the corner to where the media was filming the dykes and said, grinning, "They won't let me in!"

"It must be because your hair's too short," quipped one dyke. "Yeah, and you wear comfortable shoes," joked another.

I then returned to the registration desk, this time with the press in tow. Dr. Assalian seemed to have shrunk considerably. Perhaps he had been using his psychiatric skills on himself. And then, surrounded by him and two male psychiatrists in white lab coats, I was escorted to an isolated, back corridor. For a second, I was frightened. I mean, what might they be up to? But it turned out OK. For some reason Dr. Assalian thought I had organized the McGill protest, and he was afraid that me and 'my group' were going to disrupt his symposium. So I set the record straight, although he still looked worried.

In the meantime, out in the elevator corridor, Ann Gero was seeing blue, and it wasn't the blue sky of a clear sunny day: "As I was speaking with one of the 'Dykes Against Dr. Lie-f', I saw two lines of police marching toward us. The protestors dispersed immediately and, as a result, the police were left with a void. Suddenly, one of the police officers grabbed my arm and told me and the woman I was talking with to leave. When I asked him for an explanation, I was shoved. I explained repeatedly that I was registered for the 'symposium' and tried to show my registration papers. My explanation was met with silent hostility by a wall of men in blue. All 25 officers stood behind me and the other woman and physically forced us down the corridor and out of the building. I was confused and demoralized by the injustice. But the simple reality was that the police had the right, the authority and the power to ignore the truth that I was not part of the organized protest and had paid to participate in the 'symposium.' And as I was about to learn, this same reality applied to Dr. Lief, Dr. Assalian and some of the other participants in the 'symposium.' They had the right, the authority and the power, as Freud did 100 years ago, to suppress and ignore the truth."

In the end, we all managed to get into the symposium. And what was it like? Well, it was pretty incredible. Sometimes our faces were blank, like white sheets. Sometimes our mouths dropped, total despairing disbelief. Sometimes our faces flamed with rage, rechanneled into the giggles of school girls. But sometimes, as our souls merged and we felt the strength of our truths and determination, we raised our hands - seven hands in a row, reaching for reality.

"Dr. Lief, what percentage of recovered memories do you believe are false?"

Calmly, oblivious to everything but himself, he replied, "My estimate is that 25% of allegations are false, but I don't know where I got that figure. Sometimes I make up a number just to get reporters off my back."

"Dr. Lief, do you really mean to say that people can develop false memories simply by watching a soap opera like General Hospital?"

"Yes."

"Dr. Lief, you say that, after speaking with parents accused of abuse, you are confident that they are innocent. But what about research findings that indicate that confidence is totally unrelated to accuracy?" (See Loftus & Ketcham, 1991).

"That's not relevant."

"Dr. Lief, what is the incidence of Multiple Personality Disorder?"

Dr. Lief didn't know, so Dr. Assalian responded, saying that, according to Dr. Collin Ross whom he had seen on TV, it's about 1 in 500.

"Why then are you focusing on an extreme, relatively rare consequence of childhood abuse when other, less sensational, disorders more commonly follow childhood abuse, such as Borderline Personality Disorder (Herman, 1992) which occurs in about 10% of the population (Stone, 1986)? Do you realize that, by focusing exclusively on the tail of a skewed distribution and ignoring the more modal case, you are, in fact, 'lying with statistics?" (Runyon & Haber, 1991, pp 116-117).

No comment.

And so it went. For two tortuous days. Other highlights included Dr. Lief's implication that, because there is no scientific evidence for repression, there can be no such thing as a recovered memory. He refused to consider our suggestion that the issue of repression is a red herring because memory of trauma is primarily affected by the process of 'dissociation,' not repression. Research by Dr. van der Kolk at Harvard University suggests that the repeated overwhelming negative arousal of chronic child abuse permanently alters the limbic system, brain structures that integrate emotion, sensation and memory. Essentially, the brain can't integrate all the information it is receiving and hence memory, emotion and sensation are severed. This explains why the phenomena associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), such as flashbacks and body memories, occur in the absence of conscious memories (Wylie, 1993).

Lief was also unwilling to distinguish between the effects of different types of trauma on memory. Although FMS advocates claim that beliefs in the validity of recovered memories of abuse are "mistakenly based on an uncritical acceptance of the premises about the nature of memory and trauma" (Tavris, 1993), this charge is actually more appropriately levelled against FMS advocates. Unlike FMS advocates, psychiatric researchers (e.g., Goodwin, 1990; Herman, 1992; Terr, 1991) examining trauma distinguish between the simple PTSD that results from a single traumatic blow (Type I trauma or FEARS) and the complex PTSD that follows prolonged, repeated trauma (Type II trauma or BAD FEARS). Type I trauma is associated with full, detailed memories of the event. According to Terr (1991), for example, previously untraumatized children who were 26 to 36 months old at the time they witnessed one terrible event were able to retrieve full detailed verbal recollections of the event. Type II trauma, in contrast, is associated with denial, psychic numbing, self-hypnosis or dissociation, rage and memories that are retained in spots rather than clear, simple wholes, if at all. It is the latter type of trauma and memory that is associated with chronic child abuse.

And Lief's criteria for differentiating between true and false allegations included Wakefield and Underwager's (1992, p.502) claim that "When there is a history of emotional disturbance, diagnosis and treatment in the life of the adult raising an accusation, pathological factors in the person's personality may contribute to the development of a false accusation." Thus, Dr. Lief tried to use the known after effects of abuse (Herman, 1992) as evidence that abuse did not occur. Similarly, Dr. Lief urged therapists to consider "possible ways by which the person making the accusation might benefit from or receive reinforcement from making the accusation (e.g., a civil law suit, an explanation for why life has [not] gone well, the expression of anger for perceived childhood injustices, power over a dominant parent, attention, acceptance, new friends [in survivor group], etc." (Wakefield & Underwager, 1992, p.499). But he never suggested that the potential costs of an accusation be considered, costs that include losing one's family, the pain of therapy, and the unbelieving skepticism of friends. And he failed to recognize that some recanters might retract their allegation because of family pressure (Olafson, Corwin & Summit, 1993; Summit, 1983) or to receive positive regard from their family and the FMS Foundation, not mention avoiding confrontation with what might be a horrific reality. As Janet (1904) put it, traumatized persons suffer from 'a phobia for the traumatic event.' Nor did he suggest that perpetrators might have a lot to gain by denying an allegation. Heck, at one point, he insisted that, because a man had fathered eight children, the allegation of sexual abuse against him could not possibly be true.

Dr. Lief next encouraged therapists to be detectives, to obtain school, medical and criminal records and to interview parents and siblings to validate client's claims of recovered memories before attempting to help them. But he did not welcome our suggestion that the FMS Foundation make inquires to establish the veracity of its member's claims of innocence. I mean, how do we know that they're not suffering from FIBS - False Innocence Belief Syndrome, a syndrome characterized by an extreme obsession with proving one's innocence, for example, by creating an international foundation to validate oneself?

And then he argued that the inherent power that therapists have over their clients makes clients highly vulnerable to their suggestions. But he didn't mention the feminist approach to therapy, an approach explicitly designed to eliminate authoritarian power differentials (e.g., Burstow, 1992; Laidlaw & Malmo, 1990), as a possible solution to this shortcoming of traditional patriarchal psychiatry. Nor did he mention that survivors are hypervigilant and extremely distrustful (Herman, 1992), making it less likely that they would be influenced by a therapist's unfounded suggestions. In fact, there was a lot that Dr. Lief didn't mention, including the seven studies I cited at the McGill talk.

But the icing on the cake came from a couple of other comments that spilled out of Dr. Lief's mouth. First, based on an article about the 'moral deconstruction of the middle class' by Dan Moynihan in The American Scholar, he argued that the standards of morality for the middle class have been raised so previously innocent behaviors are now defined as deviant, whereas the moral standards of the lower classes have been lowered, so previously deviant actions on their part are now deemed acceptable. I didn't get it, unless he was trying to imply that incest is really OK. Second, and perhaps stemming from a fear of women's inherent power, he went on to describe black families as 'uterine units' in which the grandmother, mother, and daughter 'psychologically castrate' the father. So, contrary to the Montreal Gazette (Editorial, 1993), Dr. Lief did indeed come across as a hate-mongering racist. At least to us. Perhaps it was unintentional. Or perhaps I'm naive.

Basically, the MGH symposium was a one-sided, empirically unjustified scientific sham. Indeed, the closest approximation to science was provided by Concordia's Dr. Campbell Perry, also a member of the FMS Foundation Advisory Board. Dr. Perry presented evidence indicating that he was able to convince 48% of highly hypnotizable university students that they had been waken by a thump in the night. Well, given that, according to Dr. Perry, only 10 to 15% of the population is highly hypnotizable, his figures suggest that 5 to 7.5% of the population might, under hypnosis, come to believe such an innocuous suggestion. But when you consider that most therapists do not use hypnosis, let alone try to plant false suggestions into their client's heads, this percentage is reduced to a fraction of a fraction. Moreover, there's absolutely no empirical evidence that anyone could convince anybody that they had been sexually molested by someone whom they loved. And, assuming that everyone adheres to ethical guidelines, nor is there ever likely to be.

Well, I'm back home now. And there's a rumor going around Carleton that I organized the whole McGill protest. Must have started with one of Assalian's friends. And actually, it's pretty funny. I mean, I have enough trouble organizing my own life let alone the lives of other people! Heck, I forgot to go to class the day before all this began because I was immersed in writing a paper on memory, on true memory.

And as for my students, well, like me, they're still trying to process what was basically pretty traumatic. Trish Hurley, the journalism student, speaks of her horror in response to the inconsiderate circus that Dr. Assalian staged. As if to prove that he believed in sexual abuse, he had a client, Shirley, address the symposium. With a quivering, quiet voice, and with the eyes of the FMS advocates searing a hole in her soul, she courageously told her intergenerational story of abuse, a story she had never disclosed in public before. Our emotions were flying. But they raged when Shirley's testimony was followed by the tales of two recanters, two women who travelled with the FMS Foundation road show. We watched Shirley sit in the audience listening to the recanter's talk. We felt for her because we knew that her reality had been brutally attacked. How could Dr. Assalian allow such an event? How could he treat his client with such disrespect? How could a parent abuse their child?

Melissa Ferguson writes, "My exposure to Dr. Lief's presentation at MGH destroyed any personal naive beliefs that the world is a just and fair place. I tried to attend the symposium as a neutral, unbiased participant. But quite soon a sick childlike feeling of injustice overwhelmed me. The flaws and holes in their arguments verged on embarrassment. My intellectual mind was reeling, for I could see clearly how power and control works to silence others. It was so obvious that Dr. Lief's 'research' lacked any scientific validity - but very few people, except for the Carleton U. group, questioned Dr. Lief's claims or expressed any feelings of outrage. And our questions were deemed 'political' by the supposed authorities. Labelling. Another mechanism of control and supression. And it's worrying because propaganda is such a powerful tool."

And Wendy Hovdestad described her experience thus: "Listening quietly while the incredible prevalence of child sexual abuse was denied and the damage of abuse minimized and dismissed was a very painful experience. Especially horrible was the narration of case histories of child sexual abuse in tones of contempt and disbelief. Other symposium members' polite silence and seeming acceptance of what I knew to be false and vicious made me fear that I was losing touch with reality. In fact, one of the only reasons I was able to sit still was because the extremely limited leg room made movement near impossible - I'm over six feet tall! I sat hunched forward in my seat, leaning on one hand and gripping my arm with the other hand. My entire body felt like a knot of tension. I realized later that I had gripped my arm so hard that my thumb print was visible for days. Academic freedom involves the free exchange of ideas. But what we experienced at the MGH symposium was a one-sided assault on reality."

In regard to Dr. Lief's claim that the moral standards of the bourgeoisie have been raised, Carolyn Allard says, "Dr. Lief claims this is one of the causes of what he termed 'child sexual abuse histeria.' Others were the Courage to Heal, soap operas, and support groups. These all supposedly make vulnerable, suggestible, compliant women come to believe that they were sexually abused as children. I still can't believe that this sort of thing can happen. I couldn't have reacted much worse if I had been at a conference with Hitler or the leader of the KKK. The organizer, Dr. Assalian, seemed to choose who the questions would come from, and more often than not, they came from his colleagues. He was especially thrilled when they were women, as if to say, 'See? We are not bashing women!' And he would ask anyone who challenged Dr. Lief not to make this a 'political debate'. On top of this, many audience members, especially FMS Foundation members, tried to stare us down with eyes of ice. These stares were too long and too intense to be anything other than scare and intimidation tactics. And slowly, more and more of these people sat closer to us. I had the eerie feeling of being surrounded. Of course I couldn't mention this to anyone except the six friends I had come with. Otherwise I would, no doubt, have been used as an example to strengthen their belief that women are overly imaginative, paranoid hysterics who make up stories."

And a week later, according to Kathleen Felton, "my anger and frustration has only begun to subside. More exactly, the impulse is being sublimated into a more socially acceptable form - it's no coincidence that a 'leaf' metaphorically adorns the bulls-eye of the lab dart board. And at times there is almost something consolatory in imagining that it may be autumn in Philadelphia, home of the FMS Foundation and Dr. Lief, as it's customary that many a 'leaf' falls in the autumn."

So, that's the story of the scientific basis of the patriarchy's revictimization of the survivors of childhood abuse, or at least our side of it. I know some people will disagree. But those folks had their chance to talk at MGH, and now we're simply taking ours. And it's not because we want to. No. The current feeding this truth saying runs a lot deeper - we have to. If you recall, at the beginning of this story, I said, "We heard a lot, and we learned a lot. But not what we expected." Well, we didn't expect to learn that the social institutions that we had some faith in, like McGill University and MGH, engaged in what seemed to us to be oppressive silencing, sexism, racism, and the misrepresentation of science. Relative to our respect for truth, equality and science, this bit of learning was fundamentally disheartening. So, given this assault on our faith in science, together with the fact that we don't have faith in any omnipotent, benevolent God, we feel sort of skeptical. Skeptical in all respects but one: We are aware of our truths, and we have faith in our ability and willingness to know and express these truths.

That's the main lesson I learned from Dr. Lief. You see, on Remembrance Day 1992, I was trying to bear the pain of a needle jolting my shoulder. I was getting a tattoo to ensure I never forgot the horrific, systemic violence against women and children. It's a small heart, encased within a thundercloud, crying tears of blood as it's ripped open by a patriarchal dagger. Now, on Remembrance Day 1993, I realize that the tattoo was unnecessary. Now I know I will always remember. And so will the approximately 53 million women in North America who have experienced childhood sexual abuse (Bagley, 1991; Russell, 1984) and the 51% of Canadian women who have experienced at least one incident of violence since the age of 16 (Statistics, Cananda, 1993).

Repressed Memories and the Backlash

Repressed Memories and the Backlash

This Page Is Under Construction

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Disclaimer: Inclusion in this website does not constitute a recommendation or endorsement. Individuals must decide for themselves if the resources meet their own personal needs.

Table of Contents:  

1993

1. The False Memory Debate: Social Science or Social Backlash? (04/01/1993) 
2. Theoretical and Personal Perspectives on the Delayed Memory Debate  (08/07/1993) 

1995

1. Marshalling the Media - False Memory Syndrome Foundation (FMSF) (1995) 
2. What Psychologists Better Know About Recovered Memories, Research,Lawsuits, and the Pivotal Experiment  (09/01/1995) 
3. Ethics Complaints Filed Against Prominent FMFS Board Members: APA Declines to Investigate  (12/1995)

1996

1.  TURNING POINT: When Children Accuse - Who To Believe (11/14/1996)

1997

1. Court Adopts Legal Test for Therapeutic Hypnosis (1997)

1998

1. Commentary: Domestic Violence, Folk Etymologies, & "Rule of Thumb"
   (12/26/1998)

2000

1. Bearing witness to the patriarchal revicitmization of survivors  (11/19/2000)

2002

1. Recovered Memory: Unproven Strategy To Find Evidence Of Past Sexual Abuse (09/24/2002) 
2. False memory syndrome: State of the art [Article in Hebrew] (09/24/2002) 

2003

1. Professor questions study, then others question her (03/17/2003) 
2. Elizabeth Loftus:  UCI Professor Faces Pending Lawsuit (04/07/2003) 

2010

1. Regarding Vicki Polin's Appearance on Oprah  (11/15/2010) 

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